The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model consists of seven layers. These layers, from the bottom to the top, are:
The software/hardware codesign is the one which having both hardware and software design concerns.
Many sensors exhibit a linear relationship between the input and output. In this case, the transfer function is a straight line, and the sensor response is directly proportional to the change in the measured quantity. For example, a temperature sensor might have a linear transfer function over a certain temperature range.